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  4. Adjectives: With or Without -e
A1~30 min

Adjectives: With or Without -e

Bijvoeglijke naamwoorden: met of zonder -e

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Exam relevant: This topic is covered in the Inburgeringsexamen. You're building the foundation now — A2 is the target level.

Adjective Inflection in Dutch

In Dutch, adjectives that come BEFORE a noun may need an -e ending. Whether or not to add -e depends on the gender of the noun (de-woord or het-woord) and the article used.

This is one of the most important grammar rules in Dutch. When an adjective stands before a noun, it usually gets an -e ending. The only exception is: a het-woord with "een" (or no article) in singular form does NOT get the -e. In all other cases, the adjective gets -e.

De-woorden: Always Add -e

Before de-woorden, the adjective ALWAYS gets an -e ending, regardless of whether the article is "de" or "een".

De-woorden are the easiest case: always add -e. "De grote man" (the big man), "een grote man" (a big man). Both use "grote" with -e. This applies to all de-woorden without exception.

Het-woorden: It Depends on the Article

Before het-woorden with a definite article (het, dit, dat) or in plural: add -e. Before het-woorden with "een" or no article in singular: do NOT add -e.

This is the tricky part. "Het grote huis" (the big house) uses -e because of "het" (definite). But "een groot huis" (a big house) does NOT use -e because of "een" (indefinite) + het-woord. In plural, all nouns use "de", so adjectives always get -e: "de grote huizen" (the big houses).

Adjective Inflection Summary

Noun TypeArticleAdjective EndingExample
de-woordde+ ede grote man
de-woordeen+ eeen grote man
het-woordhet / dit / dat+ ehet grote huis
het-woordeen / no articleNO -eeen groot huis
plural (any)de / geen article+ ede grote huizen

The ONLY case without -e: singular het-woord with "een" or no article.

De-woorden: Always -e

de grote man

the big man

de-woord + de = -e

een grote man

a big man

de-woord + een = still -e

de nieuwe auto

the new car

een kleine kamer

a small room

de oude stad

the old city

Het-woorden: With and Without -e

het grote huis

the big house

het-woord + het = -e

een groot huis

a big house

het-woord + een = NO -e

dit kleine kind

this small child

het-woord + dit = -e

een klein kind

a small child

het-woord + een = NO -e

het nieuwe kantoor

the new office

het-woord + het = -e

een nieuw kantoor

a new office

het-woord + een = NO -e

Spelling Rules When Adding -e

When adding -e to an adjective, apply the same spelling rules as with verb stems: double the consonant to keep a short vowel, or drop a double vowel to keep it long.

Short vowel + single consonant: double the consonant. "Dik" becomes "dikke" (fat), "nat" becomes "natte" (wet). Long vowel + double letter: drop one vowel letter. "Groot" becomes "grote" (big), "braaf" becomes "brave" (well-behaved). Also: -f becomes -v and -s becomes -z in some cases: "lief" becomes "lieve" (sweet), "grijs" becomes "grijze" (grey).

Spelling Changes When Adding -e

Base FormWith -eRule Applied
grootgroteDrop one vowel: oo -> o (long vowel stays long)
dikdikkeDouble consonant: k -> kk (short vowel stays short)
natnatteDouble consonant: t -> tt (short vowel stays short)
lieflievef -> v (voicing before -e)
grijsgrijzes -> z (voicing before -e)
mooimooieSimply add -e (no change needed)
nieuwnieuweSimply add -e (no change needed)
oudoudeSimply add -e (no change needed)

Adjectives at Work

Scenario: Describing your company, colleagues, and work environment

Het is een groot bedrijf.

It is a big company.

het-woord + een = NO -e

Zij is een goede manager.

She is a good manager.

de-woord + een = -e

Wij hebben een nieuw kantoor.

We have a new office.

het-woord + een = NO -e

De oude computer werkt niet meer.

The old computer doesn't work anymore.

Het is een interessant project.

It is an interesting project.

het-woord + een = NO -e

Ik heb een drukke dag.

I have a busy day.

de-woord + een = -e

Common Mistakes

✗een grote huis
✓een groot huis

"Huis" is a het-woord. With "een" + het-woord, the adjective gets NO -e ending.

✗de groot man
✓de grote man

"Man" is a de-woord. De-woorden always require -e on the adjective: "de grote man".

✗een groot vrouw
✓een grote vrouw

"Vrouw" is a de-woord. Even with "een", de-woorden always take -e: "een grote vrouw".

✗de dikke boek
✓het dikke boek

"Boek" is a het-woord, so use "het" (not "de"). With "het", the adjective does get -e: "het dikke boek".

Predicate Adjectives: No -e

When an adjective comes AFTER the verb (predicative position), it NEVER gets an -e ending. "Het huis is groot." (The house is big.) "De man is groot." (The man is big.) The -e rule only applies to adjectives that come BEFORE the noun.