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Past Tenses

Perfectum (Present Perfect) — Formation

ComponentRuleExample
Auxiliaryhebben or zijnIk heb / Ik ben
Past participlege- + stem + -d/-tgewerkt, gewoond
Past participlege- + stem + -d (voiced)geleefd, gegooid
Irregularmust be memorisedgegaan, gezien, gedaan
Verb positionpast participle goes to ENDIk heb gisteren gewerkt.

Use the 't kofschip rule to choose -d or -t: if the stem ends in t, k, f, s, ch, p → use -t, otherwise -d.

Use perfectum for completed actions with a connection to the present, for recent past, and in spoken Dutch for most past situations.