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  4. Reported Speech
B1~50 min

Reported Speech

Indirecte rede

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Exam relevant: This topic is covered in the Staatsexamen NT2 (Programma I — B1 level).

Reported Statements — dat-Clauses

Reported statements use dat + verb-final word order.

Reported speech (indirecte rede) is used when you tell someone what another person said. In Dutch, reported statements use the conjunction dat (that) to introduce the reported clause. After dat, the verb moves to the END of the clause.

Direct vs. Indirect Speech

Direct speechIndirect speech
Hij zegt: "Ik werk hier."Hij zegt dat hij hier werkt.
Ze zegt: "Ik ben moe."Ze zegt dat ze moe is.
Ze zei: "Ik ben moe."Ze zei dat ze moe was.
"Wij wonen in Amsterdam."Ze vertellen dat ze in Amsterdam wonen.

Note: a past reporting verb (zei, vertelde) triggers tense backshift in the dat-clause.

Word Order with dat

After "dat", the verb moves to the END of the clause. This is the same rule as with all subordinating conjunctions in Dutch.

Structure: [Reporting verb] + dat + [subject] + [rest] + [verb]

Common reporting verbs: zeggen (to say), vertellen (to tell), denken (to think), geloven (to believe), hopen (to hope), weten (to know), vinden (to think/find). The infinitive stays at the very end in compound tenses.

Reported Statements

Hij vertelt dat hij een nieuwe baan heeft gevonden.

He tells us that he has found a new job.

Perfect tense stays the same when reporting verb is present

Ik denk dat het morgen gaat regenen.

I think that it is going to rain tomorrow.

Ze weten dat de vergadering om drie uur begint.

They know that the meeting starts at three o'clock.

Wij geloven dat dit de beste oplossing is.

We believe that this is the best solution.

Tense Changes in Reported Speech

When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the reported verb shifts one step back.

Tense backshift (tijdsverschuiving) occurs when the reporting verb is in the past tense. Present → simple past, present perfect → pluperfect, zal → zou. If the reporting verb is in the present tense, no backshift is required.

Tense Backshift Overview

Original tenseAfter backshiftExample
Present (is/werkt)Simple past (was/werkte)"Ik werk." → hij zei dat hij werkte.
Present perfect (heeft gewerkt)Pluperfect (had gewerkt)"Ik heb gewerkt." → hij zei dat hij had gewerkt.
Simple past (werkte)Pluperfect (had gewerkt)"Ik werkte." → hij zei dat hij had gewerkt.
Future (zal gaan)Conditional (zou gaan)"Ik zal gaan." → hij zei dat hij zou gaan.

Backshift only applies when the reporting verb is in the past tense (zei, vertelde, vroeg, etc.).

No Backshift vs. Backshift

Hij zegt dat hij ziek IS.

He says that he IS sick.

Present reporting verb: keep present tense

Hij zei dat hij ziek WAS.

He said that he WAS sick.

Past reporting verb: present → simple past

Ze zeggen dat ze HEBBEN geslapen.

They say that they HAVE slept.

Present reporting: no change to perfect

Ze zeiden dat ze HADDEN geslapen.

They said that they HAD slept.

Past reporting: perfect → pluperfect

Pronoun Changes

Don't forget to change pronouns when reporting speech! "Ik" (I) becomes "hij/zij" (he/she); "mijn" becomes "zijn/haar"; "jij/u" may become "ik" depending on who the speaker is.

Common Mistakes

✗Hij zei dat hij moe is.
✓Hij zei dat hij moe was.

"Zei" is past tense, so backshift is required: is → was.

✗Ze vertelde dat ze het boek heeft gelezen.
✓Ze vertelde dat ze het boek had gelezen.

"Vertelde" triggers backshift: heeft gelezen → had gelezen.

Reported Questions

Yes/no questions use "of" (whether); wh-questions keep their question word.

Dutch has two types of reported questions: (1) Yes/no questions use "of" (whether/if) to introduce the reported clause. (2) Wh-questions keep the question word (waar, wanneer, waarom, hoe, etc.). In both cases, the verb goes to the END of the clause.

Direct vs. Indirect Questions

Direct questionIndirect question
"Kom je morgen?"Hij vroeg of ik de volgende dag zou komen.
"Heb je de brief ontvangen?"Ze vroeg of ik de brief had ontvangen.
"Waar woon je?"Hij vroeg waar ik woonde.
"Wanneer begint de vergadering?"Ze wilde weten wanneer de vergadering begon.
"Waarom ben je te laat?"De manager vroeg waarom ik te laat was.

Note: time expressions also shift — morgen → de volgende dag; nu → toen; hier → daar.

Time and Place Expressions Shift

When reporting past speech, time and place expressions often change: nu → toen, morgen → de volgende dag, gisteren → de dag ervoor, hier → daar, vandaag → die dag.

Common Mistakes

✗Hij vroeg dat ik mee wilde gaan.
✓Hij vroeg of ik mee wilde gaan.

Reported yes/no questions use "of" (whether), not "dat".

✗Ze vroeg wanneer kom je.
✓Ze vroeg wanneer je zou komen.

In reported questions, word order is subordinate: verb goes to the end.

Reported Commands & Professional Context

Commands are reported using zeggen dat + moest, or vragen (om) te + infinitive.

When reporting commands and requests, Dutch uses: • zeggen dat + subject + moest/moesten (to tell someone to do something) • vragen (om) te + infinitive (to ask to do something) • bevelen/opdragen om te + infinitive (to order to do something)

Reported Commands

Direct: "Sluit de deur!" → Indirect: Hij zei dat ik de deur moest sluiten.

Direct: "Close the door!" → Indirect: He said I had to close the door.

Imperative → moest + infinitive at end

De baas vroeg ons om vroeger te komen.

The boss asked us to come earlier.

vragen om te + infinitive

Ze beval hem het gebouw onmiddellijk te verlaten.

She ordered him to leave the building immediately.

bevelen + te + infinitive

Workplace Context

Scenario: Meetings and Professional Communication

De directeur zei dat het project volgende week klaar moest zijn.

The director said that the project had to be ready next week.

Mijn collega vertelde me dat de klant niet tevreden was.

My colleague told me that the client was not satisfied.

In de vergadering vroeg de manager of iedereen de nieuwe procedure kende.

In the meeting, the manager asked whether everyone knew the new procedure.

De HR-afdeling liet weten dat de sollicitatietermijn was verlengd.

The HR department announced that the application deadline had been extended.